Introduction
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) can be a challenge for both children and parents. Often, when a child receives feedback from school about trouble paying attention or causing disruptions, ADHD could be the underlying cause. Although children with ADHD want to succeed in school, their impulsive behaviors and difficulty focusing often get in the way. The symptoms of ADHD are more pronounced and persistent than occasional inattention or hyperactivity seen in many children. ADHD affects around 5% of school-age children and is commonly recognized before age 12, sometimes extending into adulthood. It is often hereditary, with about 25% of biological parents also having ADHD.
Overview and Facts
ADHD manifests in three main types:
Inattentive type: Difficulty focusing and following through on tasks.
Hyperactive/Impulsive type: Exhibits impulsive actions and hyperactivity.
Combined type: Displays symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, the most common type.
To be diagnosed with ADHD, a child must demonstrate symptoms in at least two settings (e.g., home and school) for at least six months. Symptoms must also interfere with the child’s daily functioning. A formal diagnosis usually requires at least six symptoms from a set list.
Symptoms
Inattention signs may include:
Making careless mistakes and having difficulty staying on task.
Frequently distracted or forgetful in daily activities.
Trouble organizing tasks and following instructions.
Impulsivity and hyperactivity behaviors include:
Inability to remain seated when expected or fidgeting.
Difficulty engaging in quiet activities.
Excessive talking, interrupting, or difficulty waiting for turns.
It's important to note that these behaviors must occur more frequently and severely than what’s typical for children of the same age. Teachers and caregivers often observe these signs and provide valuable input.
Causes and Risk Factors
ADHD tends to run in families, suggesting a genetic basis. Other non-genetic causes include prenatal exposure to smoking, birth complications like hypoxia, brain injuries, or certain medical conditions.
Tests and Diagnosis
Diagnosing ADHD involves collecting information from various sources such as school records, family medical history, and input from those who interact closely with the child. ADHD rating scales, interviews, and questionnaires from teachers or parents, such as the DePaul and Conner’s questionnaires, are commonly used. Computerized tests like the Test of Variability of Attention (TOVA) help assess attention and impulsivity levels. In some cases, further testing may be needed if there are concerns about co-existing learning disabilities.
Treatment
Effective treatment for ADHD often involves a combination of medication and behavioral therapy:
Medications: Stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate and amphetamines) are commonly prescribed to help improve focus and attention. Non-stimulant medications like atomoxetine and others like guanfacine or clonidine may also be useful.
Behavioral interventions: Cognitive-behavioral therapy, parent training, and social skills training can all help manage symptoms. Therapy focuses on improving organizational skills, managing impulsive behavior, and developing problem-solving abilities.
Educational adjustments: Modifying the child’s school environment and learning strategies can help accommodate ADHD symptoms and any co-occurring learning disabilities.
ADHD is manageable with the right treatment, but early intervention is key to helping children thrive academically and socially.
Sources and Links
www.aacap.org
www.chadd.org
www.adhdandyou.com
www.additudemag.com
www.adhdvoices.com