Alzheimer’s Disease
Introduction
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder that affects memory, thinking, and behavior. It was first identified in 1906 by Dr. Alois Alzheimer, who observed brain abnormalities—plaques and tangles—that are now recognized as hallmarks of the disease.
Alzheimer’s is the leading cause of dementia, a condition that impairs intellectual abilities and daily functioning. While it primarily affects older adults, it is not a normal part of aging.
Overview & Key Facts
10% of people over 65 have Alzheimer’s.
50% of people over 85 are affected.
The number of cases doubles every 5 years beyond age 65.
Activities like reading, playing musical instruments, and dancing may lower the risk.
Symptoms: 10 Warning Signs
Memory loss that disrupts daily life.
Difficulty performing familiar tasks, like cooking or driving.
Problems with language, such as forgetting words or mixing up phrases.
Disorientation to time and place.
Poor judgment and decision-making.
Trouble with abstract thinking, like handling finances.
Misplacing things and struggling to retrace steps.
Mood or behavioral changes, including confusion and suspicion.
Personality changes, such as increased anxiety or aggression.
Loss of initiative and withdrawal from work or social activities.
Causes & Risk Factors
Several factors may increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s:
Primary Risk Factors
Age: Risk increases significantly after 65.
Gender: Women are affected more than men.
Family History: A small percentage (<1%) inherit the condition.
Other Contributing Factors
Down Syndrome: Individuals may develop Alzheimer’s in their 30s or 40s.
Environmental Toxins: Some studies suggest possible links.
Low Education Levels: Research suggests a possible correlation.
High Cholesterol & High Blood Pressure: Cardiovascular health plays a role.
Diagnosis
A doctor will evaluate symptoms using:
Mental assessments, like the Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE), which tests memory and cognitive skills.
Lab tests to rule out other conditions (blood tests, vitamin levels, thyroid function).
Brain imaging (CT scan, MRI) to detect brain shrinkage or abnormalities.
Treatment & Management
While there is no cure, treatments can help slow progression and improve quality of life.
Medications
Cholinesterase Inhibitors (Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine) – boost acetylcholine, a key neurotransmitter.
Memantine – regulates brain activity in moderate to severe cases.
Other medications – help manage anxiety, depression, and sleep problems.
Therapies & Support
Cognitive therapy to enhance memory and problem-solving.
Behavioral strategies to reduce confusion and agitation.
Caregiver education and support groups for families.
Resources for Patients & Caregivers
For more information, visit:
www.idraac.org
www.webmd.com
www.alzfdn.org