Introduction
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). While the symptoms of PMDD are similar to PMS, they are much more intense and significantly interfere with work, social activities, and relationships.
Overview and Facts
PMDD affects 2-10% of menstruating women. Women who have a personal or family history of depression or postpartum depression are at a higher risk of developing PMDD.
Symptoms
Symptoms of PMDD can include any combination of the following:
Mood swings
Depressed mood or feelings of hopelessness
Increased anger, leading to interpersonal conflicts
Tension and anxiety
Irritability
Decreased interest in usual activities
Difficulty concentrating
Fatigue
Change in appetite
Feeling overwhelmed or out of control
Sleep problems
Physical symptoms, such as bloating
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of PMDD is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to the hormonal fluctuations that occur during the menstrual cycle. Recent studies suggest a link between PMDD and low levels of serotonin, a chemical in the brain that helps transmit nerve signals and regulate mood.
Tests and Diagnosis
PMDD is diagnosed when at least five of the above symptoms (including at least one of the first four) occur most of the time during the 7 days before menstruation and subside within a few days of the start of the menstrual period. If symptoms persist every day and do not improve with menstruation, PMDD is unlikely.
Treatment
The treatment strategies for PMDD overlap with those for PMS, but may need to be more intensive. The main forms of treatment are:
Good nutrition: Women with PMDD may benefit from limiting salt, caffeine, refined sugar, and alcohol. Supplements like calcium, vitamin B6, vitamin E, and magnesium may also be recommended, though their effectiveness is not well-established.
Exercise: Regular aerobic exercise (e.g., walking, swimming) may improve premenstrual symptoms. However, its effectiveness in treating PMDD specifically is unclear.
Medications: Antidepressants, particularly those that target serotonin, are commonly used to treat PMDD. These can be taken continuously or intermittently, specifically during the 14-day premenstrual period.
Counseling: Therapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), can help women with PMDD develop effective coping strategies. Other approaches like relaxation therapy, meditation, reflexology, and yoga may also provide relief, though these methods require further research to confirm their benefits.
Treatment plans should be tailored to the individual, as the severity of PMDD varies between women.
Sources and links
www.webmd.com